The Village of Central Square is located in southern Oswego County, approximately three miles north of the outlet of Oneida Lake at the Oneida River. It is situated at the intersection of U.S. Route 11 and County Route 49. Central Square is easily accessible by car from the New York State Thruway and Interstate 81 at Exit 32 In 1815 Chester Loomis built the Pudding and Milk Tavern as a stagecoach stop where the old Salt Road (now U.S. Route 11) crossed the Constantia and Fulton Road (now New York State Route 49). The resulting settlement became known as Loomis Corners. Hastings Curtis built a small store in 1820, and soon more homes and businesses developed around a square in the center. The settlement name changed to Center Square, and finally, with the first Post Office in 1822, to Central Square. Robert Elliot, often called the founder of Central Square, built a wagon shop in 1825.

In 1869 the railroad came through the town, intersecting at the southern edge of the village. The New York Central ran north/south, and the Ontario and Western ran east/west, turning Central Square into a hub of activity A sewer plant was constructed and put into service in 1964, and all village homes converted from septic tanks to the new village sewer system. This convenience opened the door for several land annexations to the village, clearing the way for the creation of several major subdivisions and doubling the size of the village from 640 to 1290 acres. In November of 1996 the sewer plant was expanded to accommodate increased and projected growth.